Eight years
after Arizona became a separate territory from New Mexico, the concept
that mental illness is a state responsibility was first recognized by the
Territorial Legislature. On February 17, 1871, legislation was enacted
which stated that the various Boards of Supervisors of the counties must
provide for the confinement of all insane persons, "either in the County
jail or in such other manner and place as shall be in their judgment be best
for the safety of said insane person and of the community."
In 1885, the 13th Territorial Legislature met to appropriate $100,000
for the construction of the "Insane Asylum of Arizona" in Phoenix.
In addition, an Honorary Board of Directors of the Insane Asylum of Arizona
was established. County bonds were issued for $3,500 for 160 acres with water rights 2-1/2
miles east of Phoenix. Construction began in 1886, to accommodate up to 280
patients, taking eight months to complete.
The "Insane Asylum of Arizona" opened early in January 1887, for 61
patients with the completion of "D" building. This was actually 3
buildings with 2 patient wings and a central administrative facility.
Under the Board's direction, the remaining 160 acres was cleared of
brush for grain crops, a vegetable garden, a vineyard and an orchard with
2,000 trees. In addition, a small area was set aside for a staff and
patient cemetery, which has 2400 graves dating back to 1888. Among those
buried in "All Souls Cemetery" is Corporal Isaiah
Mays, a Buffalo
Soldier who earned the Congressional Medal of Honor.
A Board of Control replaced the Insane Asylum Board in 1895 (and was later disassembled in the 1940's), to establish
policies and procedures regarding declarations of insanity, patient
confinement, and terms of release. There was no legal process for confinement,
and since they were few institutions, persons were committed reasons such as
old age, tuberculosis, and "feeble-mindedness."
In 1902, the General Assembly of Arizona changed the hospital's name to
the "Territorial Asylum for the Insane". By 1909,
"C" building was under construction and 10 acres had been cleared
for farming.
After a fire in 1911, the Hospital was rebuilt in 1913, and named the
"State Asylum for the Insane" when Arizona was voted into statehood.
Two new buildings were completed -- the Community Center with kitchen, dining
room and auditorium, and "C" building.
By 1922, the patient population had climbed to 568 and was still
increasing. In 1924, the Asylum was informally renamed Arizona State Hospital
and the change was made legal in 1958. World War II created major staff
shortages along with a sharp increase in patient admittance. Census rates rose
to 998 in 1942, and then 1,200 in 1945.
During the 1940s, as medications were introduced by pharmaceutical
companies, the Hospital played a leading role in trying new medications to
help its clients. A social worker was hired during this time exclusively to
discharge patients.
By the early 1950s, the patient population was close to 1,800.
Increases were attributed to state population influx, the admission of
Japanese patients from war relocation centers and war casualties. During this
period, new patients were required to appear before an insanity board, and few
were declared "insane".
In 1970, during the height of the human rights movement, the Arizona
Legislature passed Senate Bill 1057 (A.R.S. § 3655) which required that a
patient must be dangerous to themselves or others in order to be confined to
the hospital. Restrictions were such that made it impossible to get in and
easy to be released. Many patients who had been at the hospital for years were
released in downtown Phoenix and the patient census dropped from almost 2,000
to 300 within a few months.
In 1973, Governor Williams and the Arizona Legislature created the
Arizona Department of Health Services. Within this department fell the
Division of Behavioral Health Services to oversee mental health services for
the State Department of Health and Arizona State Hospital
In the 1980s, ADHS and ASH were sued in court case Arnold v. Sarn.
The decision passed in 1989, which stated that "Arizona has failed to
meet its moral and legal obligations to our state's chronically mentally ill
population." The decision required a push toward community-based programs
and services for discharged patients.
During the 1990s, concern about mental health became a federal issue,
generating reports from the Surgeon General's office and from high-ranking
advocates. The Arizona State Hospital adopted Psychiatric Rehabilitation, a
new model of patient care that encompassed all disciplines.
The
"Insane Asylum of Arizona", circa 1886
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